GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICE essays

GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICE essays The science of biology has evolved to the point today that an animals basic nature can be quickly and permanently changed by altering its generic structure. The possibilities that the genetic engineering of animals can bring us is endless; from the Harvard-Dupont mouse prone to developing cancer, to pigs with people-friendly organs that can be used for transplant purposes. But genetic engineering is, as yet, an imperfect science that yields imperfect results and too, endless risks. The use of humans for testing is far too hazardous for first-time products. Therefore, the use of animals, especially mice, as testers is often seen as a way of helping our technological advances. There are two primary techniques that are utilized to modify an animals genome (the unique combination of genes in an individual animal): Transgenesis by pronuclear microinjection and the manipulation of embryonic stem cells. Transgenesis by pronuclear microinjection is the process of permanently introducing a foreign gene into an animal, creating a transgenic animal that is genetically different from any other animal that ever existed. The following steps are taken to create a transgenic animal, the following steps are taken. Female mice are injected with a hormone to induce their ovaries to produce five-six times the number of egg cells that would normally be produced during ovulation, bred with a male mouse, and then killed so that the fertilized egg cells can be surgically removed. After a few hours in culture, the embryos are injected with a gene from another animal (a transgene). In some cases, the transgenes will become permanently inserted into the genetic make-up of the embryo. After a few hours of culturing to allow the cells to grow a bit larger, they are surgically placed into the reproductive tract of a foster mother mouse. In order to receive these manipulated eggs successfully, the foster mother must be induced int ...

Meaning of History

Meaning of History Abstract Different approaches to the meaning of history exist. Communities and historical analysts have different opinions based on religion, beliefs and timeline. There are different explanations and considerations of the history that are illustrated through different means. The main idea of the paper is to consider different points of view and various attitudes to the history meaning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Greek Approach Greek approach is one of the perspectives of the history. Many issues were addressed under this approach. Under the history, a logography tries to explain the emergence of towns, people and other places. This is one of the approaches which creates much disagreement. Hecataeus of Miletus is one of the representatives of this approach. Being a Greek historian, the information his works contain is full of contradictions (Breisach, 2007, p. 29). This approach to the meaning of history derives different perspectives upon the reader with various issues requiring deep consideration for better understanding. Greek historiography tries to explain the existence of men and places based on cultural background. Much attention is paid to traditions and culture in general. The era of poleis and its historians is illustrated under the Greek historiography, however, neither Greek historians nor philosophers considered the meaning of the word ‘historical’ in the way it is perceived now (Breisach, 2007, p. 30). Roman Approach There is also a Roman historiography which explains how Roman entities were formed. The historiography starts at the formation of Rome and derives most of its ideologies from the religious and other leaders (Fordham University, 1998). Roman history was reportedly written at the time of Gracchi, when the writers of history books produced the best information about the period. Roman history is written by the individuals who were less concerned about the facts they dwelt upon. Their description of the history is written on the basis of their own understanding of the events that took place in Rome. This led to the formation of monographs that had comprehensive writings about specific issues. The combinations of monographs led to realization of the current Roman history (Breisach, 2007, p. 41). There was much propaganda within the Roman history as the historians focused on convincing their readers in the authenticity of the information. The facts in the Roman history are stated in such a way that the meanings are elaborated for easier understanding. The individuals who contributed a great deal to the formation of Rome are also described in the reports. Therefore, Roman historiography is the combination of authenticity and propaganda (Breisach, 2007, p. 43).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Religion The other meaning of history is derived by Christians. Christians have another interpretation and evaluation of the existence of a man and the places. According to the Christians, a supreme being helped to form the universe that caused the existence of human beings. The Christians focus more on extraterrestrial beings and powers to have contributed in the formation of the world. These assertions help in explaining how the Earth and its inhabitants were founded, how they came to settle in certain regions and the development of various locations. Many nationalities are omitted through Christian historiography, and instead there is a major emphasis on specific cultures and communities (Breisach, 2007, p. 122). The biased nature of this historiography is similar to that demonstrated by Greeks and Romans that derive most of their meanings on a single community. Science Science is another approach to understanding the meaning of history. Under science, there is an e xpanded definition and explanation of the universe creation and development. Most of the explanations are derived from proof and detailed understanding of the events. The main idea of the scientific meaning of history is to argue the existence of the objects and the occurrence of different events by means of introducing the facts considered as firm proofs. The explanations are developed on the basis of the strong facts which cannot be contradicted, on the evidence, which cannot be objected (Rosenzweig, Thelen, 1998, p. 40). Rather than focusing on the past events, the scientific approach uses present facts and proofs to explain the problem under discussion. This approach makes it easier for the readers to understand the definitions and explanations based on the facts illustrated in the texts. Through these identities and other definitions, it becomes easier to understand the concepts and issues that took place during each era. Scientific definitions of history make use of various f acts that the reader is expected to align with. This makes it possible to identify and relate to certain issues that currently exist in this world.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Meaning of History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Philosophical Approachv Philosophers and contemporary historians have focused greatly on explaining the existence of humanity and other aspects in the world (Fordham University, 1998). According to philosophers, different explanations are created forming a concrete clarification of the existence of life and human beings. Critically evaluating the modern situation, the philosophers developed various meanings to different issues in the world. Local and historical texts are included in the philosophical definitions as it helps in the forming different opinions to the existence of life and places (Berdyaev, 2006, p. 186). All the approaches are based on either leading assumptions or concreted facts. It helps in generating a convincing chain of facts into the issues addressed. The connection between the past and the present helps in explaining the existence of places and life. A great deal of approaches to the meaning of history helps me conclude that the absence of the only consideration is caused by many disagreements and too numerous opinions. References Berdyaev, N. (2006). The Meaning of History. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books. Breisach, E. (2007). Historiography: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern (3rd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Fordham University. (1998). Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Studying Ancient History. Retrieved from https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/ancient/asbook01.asp#Using%20Primary%20Sources Rosenzweig, R. Thelen, D. (1998). The Presence of the Past: Popular Uses of History in American Life. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

How can the application of information and communication technology Essay

How can the application of information and communication technology (ICT) improve public services - Essay Example This implies that the public sector also needs to find tools and techniques to establish itself and work to attain the best results throughout their operations. This paper will examine the possibility of the public sector using information and communication technology (ICT) to improve public services. To this end, the paper would examine the areas that the public sector with the aid of information and communication technology. The research would be conducted through the use of a critical literature review which would critique authoritative sources for ideas and concepts that would be outlined in the essay. The subject is Public Management and Organisations . This is sources. You also can use your own sources. Asgarkhani, M. (2005). Digital government and its effectiveness in public management reform - A local government perspective. Public Management Review , 7, 3, 465-487. Brown, D. (2005). Electronic government and public administration. International Review of Administrative Sciences , 71, 2, 241-254. Dunleavy, P., Margetts, H., Bastow, S. and Tinkler, J. (2008) Digital Era Governance , Oxford, Oxford University Press. Dunleavy, P., Margetts, H., Bastow, S. and Tinkler, J. (2006) New public management is dead - long live digital-era governance, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory , 16, 3, 467-494. Flynn, N. (2010) Public Sector Management, 6 th Edition, Sage, London. Gasco, M. (2003). New technologies and institutional change in public administration. Social Science Computer Review , 21, 1, 6-14. Gil-Garcia, J. R., and Pardo, T. A. (2005). E-government success fact ors: Mapping practical tools to theoretical foundations. Government Information Quarterly , 22, 2, 187-216. Hatford S., Obstfelder, A. and Lotherington, A. (2009) Beyond implementation and resistance: how the delivery of ICT policy is reshaping healthcare, Policy and Politics , 37, 1, 113-128.

Learnscape simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Learnscape simulation - Essay Example ion X children as their caretakers, Bright Roads should consider including images that would capture the interest of these caretakers who would be more apt to peruse Bright Road’s web presence. 3) Review the premiere service line offerings of Bright Roads. Quality rankings, awards, distinctions linked to key targeted services should drive users to click further through page. Consider featuring these distinctions on the web page to showcase Bright Road’s stellar ranking and commitment to patient care/quality measures. 1) Placement of logo and picture do not generate interest. Similar to the website, an image of a building will not drive individuals to want to learn more about Bright Roads Services. Consider adding images that tell the Bright Roads story. 2) Social Media page should link to several means of communication: i.e. Twitter. This would allow for Bright Roads to connect to customers and provide updates on services and key community events once the consumer signs up. 3) Include a You Tube link that would allow prospective customers to view videos. This presents a n opportunity for Bright Roads to further engage the customer. Rather than including the You Tube icon, consider a catchy link that would generate interest in a library of videos. 1) The landing page for the Bright Roads PHR features a picture of a clinician holding an IPad. If the PHR is intended to be created, maintained and primarily for the benefit of the patient, this cannot be ascertained from the story this picture tells. Consider include images better representative of the desired patient population and/or images that show the value from a patients perspective of having a PHR. Additionally, re-messaging the definition of the PHR on this site might be helpful in clarifying its purpose to the patient. 2) Potentially include video testimonials and/or written comments/postings with relatable stories from patients that highlight the benefits of having a PHR. This can include safety

Topical Research - How the cost of healthcare relates to the quality Essay

Topical Research - How the cost of healthcare relates to the quality of care inmates receive - Essay Example In the paper, the problem within this research article is restated in line with a wider understanding of the topic. Additional data is gathered and analyzed within the paper as pertaining to the research problem within the aforementioned article. The additional data is used to present additional insights to the problem and make conclusive recommendations for solving the identified problems. In their article, Berman & Fox (2009) demonstrate that there is an urgent need for new and innovative thinking within the criminal justice system. This is attributed to the evident mistakes within the criminal justice system, which have caused negative implications in the efficiency and effectiveness of pursuing justice. On the basis of these mistakes, Berman & Fox (2009) conducted a study by examining past trials and efforts for reform within the criminal justice system. The researchers targeted at solving the identified problem within the initiatives of the Bureau of Justice Assistance in the US’s Department of Justice. The main goal of the researchers was to initiate and motivate honest and open dialogue on the challenges which face the criminal justice system, and the most effective solutions to these challenges. The researchers targeted future innovations within the criminal justice system by demonstrating how they would avoid the mistakes that are made in the processes of pursuing justice. In solving the research problem, the researchers use the lessons they learned from the Drug Abuse Resistance Education (D.A.R.E.) as a significant crime prevention program within the USA. The mistakes in the procedures and processes of the criminal justice system are the main problems in the study, which are viewed through the D.A.R.E program lens. In their research report, Berman & Fox (2009) demonstrate that the D.A.R.E program was reported to have contributed to a small increase in the rate of drug use among teens within

Frustation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Frustation - Research Paper Example llelism in the poems of Charles Baudelaire in ‘Le Fleurs Du Mal’ (The Flowers of Evil) and Fyodor Dostoevsky’s ‘The Gambler’ in how the persona of the poems and the narrator of the novel experiences frustration. The titles themselves present an almost negated perception from even before prospective readers read them. And above all both contain stories and retelling of love. Baudelaire’s suggests a dark and borderline macabre insinuation of unrequited or unfulfilled love through his liberal use of the words ‘flowers’ and ‘evil’ while Dostoevsky’s classic novel gears the reader to sympathize with the main character Alexei and his often foolish actions to gain the love of the cunning Polina. she paid me no attention; until eventually I became so irritated that I decided to play the boor† (Doestoevsky, p.5). As Alexei sounds off his resentment and goes into an almost foolish attempt to gain the audience of everyone at the dinner table, playing at his being Russian to coerce them into a conversation directed his own way. This was among the first incidences in the novel for which his folly in wanting to gain respect despite his stature among the guests was deliberately shown. He was an intelligent man but he was but a mere tutor. His knowledge in all the dirty little secrets of the aristocrats surrounding him leads to his confidence that there is some inkling for a way to balance their positions even at just the dinner table. This he also found at the roulette table. The game provided him with a way to level the playing field between him and the rich folks by winning. The reverence for the beauty of women as only devotional love signifies is present also in Baudelaire’s. â€Å"The real, true head, the sincere countenance/ Reversed and hidden by the lying face./ Poor glamorous beauty !/ the magnificent stream/ Of your tears flows into my anguished heart ;/ Your falsehood makes me drunk and my soul slakes its thirst/ At the flood from your eyes,

English coursework essay and commentary Essay Example for Free

English coursework essay and commentary Essay Many teenage girls might shock you with their answers. Describing themselves as ‘ugly’ and ‘fat’. Over the years body-image issues are plaguing girls across the country. As a result of this majority have taken up unhealthy weight-controlling behaviour. This is done by skipping meals, taking laxatives and excessive smoking. Did you know that 9 in 10 females are conscious and currently unhappy about their body image? More than half of these are young girls. There are over 1. 3 million eating disorders in the UK alone. Happy, healthy and heroic is the feeling once you overcome anorexia. It’s about time we waved goodbye to the itty bitty twiggy runway models and say hello to the healthy curves of the new faces in Britain’s model industry. Majority of the runway models meet the body mass index criteria for anorexia. However over the past few years the trend of stick-thin models has started to become unappetising. â€Å"When I was younger I had a poor self-image, very low self-esteem, and yearned for a better body. I destroyed EVERY single mirror in the house as I couldn’t bear the sight of my body. I used to sit and count my ribs. I didn’t choose to be that way, it just happened. A few years later by the age of 19, I was 16 stone. From suffering Anorexia to becoming one of the biggest teens in Britain, it was a shock. Then I decided to set myself a target, lose weight and appreciate what I have. I’m glad I’ve moved on and I wouldn’t want anyone else to go through what I did. Now at the age of 22, I weigh 11 stone now, which is the perfect weight for me. I am overwhelmed with my body and have learnt to appreciate what I have been blessed with. I hope to soon conquer the rest of Britain and help more teenage girls on the road to freedom. I don’t like to think of myself as being ‘small’ size, I’m average and I couldn’t be happier. †Katya Zharkova, plus size model. However Kate Moss has been criticised by campaigners after revealing she lives by a slogan which encourages people with anorexia not to eat. Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels. † – Kate Moss. Eating disorder charity Beat described the comments as dangerous and very unhelpful for sufferers. Kate shouldn’t have said so, however a spokeswoman for Mosss model agency claimed: This was part of a longer answer Kate gave during a wider ranging interview which has unfortunately been taken out of context and completely misrepresented. † Women come in all shapes and sizes, and all of us have got the right to present ourselves beautifully in gorgeous clothes. Whether you’re overweight or tall, skinny or small, we are all beautiful. Everyone is different, everyone is beautiful and everyone is normal. Remember that. Commentary I chose to produce an interpretation of women of different shapes and sizes. I have done this in a magazine/article form. The audience of this piece was aimed at young girls, teenagers and women. It is more common for them to have a stronger opinion on the matter. Throughout the article I have written in both active and passive voice, it varies the focus of each sentence and questions the reader. I have written in second and third person by using ‘you’ and ‘she’ which are both singular. This technique it allows the reader to understand different perspectives and direct the reader. The pronoun ‘you’ links in with trying to involve the reader, by using the rhetorical question ‘What do you see’ it almost gets the reader interested in reading the article right from the beginning, it asks for their opinion. The rule of three is used a number of times in this piece, ‘itty, bitty, twiggy’ is mainly used for emphasis on the fact that stick-thin models are a shadow of the past. There nouns used in this piece are both concrete and abstract. Concrete nouns can be experienced through the five senses, but abstract nouns cannot be accessed by the senses and tend to be intangible ideas that form a part of our life (love, hatred). By using attributive adjectives such as ‘gorgeous’ it gives the reader some additional information about the clothes before reading on. Superlative adjectives are used to compare nouns, ‘biggest’ tells the readers that Katya wasn’t big or bigger but she was the biggest. I decided to use contrasting celebrities point of view to indulge the reader in celebrities opinions. The verb ‘used’ indicates the tense of what Katya used to do; in this case she used to â€Å"sit and count my ribs†. This quote puts the reader in Katya’s point of view. The reader would imagine what it would be like to sit and count their ribs, but you can only sit and count your ribs if you are anorexic. The average healthy person has enough fat on their body to form a stomach. Katya was anorexic which meant she could feel her insides. I chose not to directly tell the reader that Katya was anorexic until the next few sentences, to make the reader wonder what was wrong. ‘More’ is an indefinite determiner used to put out to the reader a sense of discomfort most teenagers feel when it comes to body image and almost officialises the context. By using subordinate simple and compound clauses that are connected by conjunctions and followed on by a subject and verb. In this case ‘So’ makes the reader think about the fact that there are so many different eating disorder cases around the world. Overall, I think this piece is interesting because it is an article that questions the reader’s thoughts about what is right and wrong about being under and over weight. In my opinion it manages to interpret different views on the matter of being different shapes and sizes and at the end uses the quote â€Å"Everyone is different, everyone is beautiful and everyone is normal. Remember that. † This quote uses repetition which is an excellent feature for slogans, the use of repetition means the slogan will be catchy to the reader and will stay in the readers mind and that is what I wanted to achieve when I wrote the article.